REVIEW PAPERS OF CLINICAL UTILITY
1. Storm H. Changes in Skin Conductance as a tool to monitor nociceptive stimulation and pain. Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 2008, 21:796–804
VALIDATION OF THE TECHNOLOGY ON VOLENTERS
1. Gjerstad AC, Storm H, Wallin G. Evaluation of the skin conductance method by using microneurography, abstract, ISAP, Chicago 06. Presentation sympathetic nervous system
2. Dubé AA, Duquette M, Roy M, Lepore F, Duncan G, Rainville P. Brain activity associated with the electrodermal reactivity to acute heat pain. Neuroimage 2009 Mar 1;45(1):169–80
3. Burton AR, Birznieks I, Spaak J, Henderson LA, Macefield VG. Effects of deep and superficial experimentally induced acute pain on skin sympathetic nerve activity in human subjects. Exp Brain Res (2009) 195:317–324
4. Luis R, Storm H. Measuring of stress and pain responses on voluntary adult persons after a burning injury by visual analogue scale, blood pressure, heart rate and skin conductance variables. Abstract; IASP 2002
5. Kunimoto M, Kirno K, Elam M, Karlsson T, Wallin BG. Neuro-effector characteristics of sweat glands in the human hand activated by irregular stimuli. Acta Physiol Scand 1992;146:261–269
6. Hagbarth KE, Hallin RG, Hongell A, Torebjørk HE, Wallin BG. General characteristics of sympathetic activity in human skin nerves. Acta Physiol Scand 1971;84:164–176
7. Wallin BG, Sundløf G, Delius W. The effect of carotid sinus nerve stimulations on muscle and skin nerve sympathetic activity in man. Pflügers Arch 1975;358:101–110
8. Macefield VG, Wallin BG. The discharge behaviour of single sympathetic outflow in normotensive human sweat glands. J Auton Nerv Syst 1996;14:277–286
9. Bini G, Hagbarth KE, Hynninen P, Wallin BG. Thermoregulatory and rhythm-generating mechanisms governing the sudomotor and vasoconstrictor outflow in human cutaneous nerves. J Physiol 1980:306:537–552
10. Tranel D, Damasio H. Neuroanatomical correlates of electrodermal skin conductance responses. Psychophysiology 1994;31:427–438
11. Edelberg R. Electrical properties of the skin. In: Brown CC (eds), Methods in Psychophysiology. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, 1967:1–59
12. Christie MJ. Electrodermal activity in the 1980s: a review. J R Soc Med 1981;74:616–22
13. Fredrikson M, Furmark T, Olsson MA, Fischer H, Andersson J, Långström B. Functional neuroanatomical correlates of electrodermal activity: A positron emission tomographic study. Psychophysiology 35 (1998), 179–185
14. Patterson JC, Ungerleider LG, Bandettini PA. Task-dependent functional brain activity correlation with skin conductance changes: an fMRI study. NeuroImage 2002, 17, 1797–1806
DEVELOPMENT OF SOFTWARE PROGRAM
1. Storm H, Fremming A, Ødegaard S, Martinsen Ø, Mørkrid L. A software analysis program for spontaneous and stimulated skin conductance activity. Clinical Neurophysiology 2000;111:1989–1998
2. Storm H. The development of a software analysis program for analysing spontaneous skin conductance activity in preterm infants. Clinical Neurophysiology 2001(112):1562–1568
PAIN AND OTHER STIMULI IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN
1. Storm H. Skin conductance activity and the stress response from heel stick in premature infants. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2000;83(2):F143–F147
2. Storm H. Development of emotional sweating in the preterm infant measured by skin conductance. Early Human Development 62(2001)149–158
3. Hellerud BC, Storm H. Skin conductance and arousal during tactile and nociceptive stimulation in relation to postnatal age of preterm and term infants. Early Human Development 70(2002)35–46
4. Storm HS, Fremming A. Effectiveness of oral sucrose and food intake on pain response in preterm infants measured by changes in skin conductance activity, heart rate, crying time and behavioural state. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavia 2002(91):555–560
5. Storm H, Vandvik IH. A pilot study of how spontaneous skin conductance changes may be used as a method to measure the effect of hypnosis. J of Psychosomatic Research 2000(48) p 276
6. Storm H, Østberg BC. A pilot study of spontaneous and stimulated skin conductance changes in a patient suffering from anorexia. J of Psychosomatic Research 2000(48) p 230
7. Hernes K, Mørkrid L, Fremming A, Ødegaard S, Martinsen Ø, Storm H. Skin conductance activity during the first year of life. Pediatric Research 2002;52(6):837–843
8. Eriksson M, Storm H, Fremming A, Schollin J. Skin conductance compared to a combined behavioural and physiological pain measure in newborn infants. Acta Paediatrica 2008 Jan;97(1):27–30. PMID: 18052991
9. Harrison D, Johnston L, Boyce S, Loughnan P, Storm H, Dargaville P. Skin conductance as a measure of pain and stress in hospitalised infants. Early Human Development 2006;82:603–8
10. Roeggen I, Harrison D, Storm H. Skin conductance variability between and within hospitalised infants at rest. Early Hum Dev. 2011 Jan;87(1):37–42
11. Haidet KK, Adkins C, Rebstock S, Salavitabar A, Susman EJ, West SG, Palmer C, Storm H. Measures of Stress Vulnerability in LBW Infants: An Integrative Biobehavioral Approach to Stress Reactivity Measurement. Abstract Gravens Conference 2007
12. Salavitabar A, Haidet K, Adkins C, Palmer C, Storm H. Preterm Infants Physiological and Behavioural responses to sound stimuli in the neonatal Intensive Care Units. Advances in Neonatal Care Feb 2010
13. Munster JMA, Simonsson L, Sindelar R. Skin conductance (SC) measurements as pain assessment in newborn infants born 22–27 gestational weeks at different postnatal age. Early Human Development 88 (2012) 21–26
14. Pereira-da-Silva L, Monteiro I, Gomes S, Rodrigues P, Virella D, Serelha M, Storm H. Skin conductance indices discriminate nociceptive responses to acute stimuli from different heel prick procedures in infants. J Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine 2012;25(6):796–801
15. Tristão R, de Jesus JA, Storm H. Heart rate, oxygen saturation and skin conductance: a comparison study of acute pain in Brazilian newborns. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2011;2011:1875–9
16. Kandamany N, Hayden E, Murphy JF. ROP Screening and Stress in Preterm Infants. EPAS 2010 Poster. National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
17. Ham J, Tronick E. A procedure for the measurement of infant skin conductance and its initial validation using clap induced startle. Dev Psycho Biol 2008;50:626–631
18. Storm H. Pain assessment in neonates. Published by IGI Global
19. Cresi F, Castagno E, Storm H, Silvesto N, Minero V, Savino F. Combined esophageal intraluminal impedance and skin conductance monitoring to detect discomfort in GERD infants. PLOS ONE. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0043476
20. Astuto M, Arena G, Sardo M, Murabito P, Storm H. Monitoraggio del dolore postoperatorio nei pazienti pediatrici. In: Governo clinico e medicina perioperatoria. Springer-Verlag Italia 2012. ISBN 978-88-470-2792-3
21. Storm H. The Capability of Skin Conductance to Monitor Pain Compared to Other Physiological Pain Assessment Tools in Children and Neonates. Pediat Therapeut 2013, 3:4
22. Savino F, Vagliano L, Ceratto S, Viviani F, Miniero R, Ricceri F. Pain assessment in children undergoing venipuncture: the Wong–Baker faces scale versus skin conductance fluctuations. PeerJ 2013;1:e37
23. Scaramuzzo RT, Faraoni M, Polica E, Pagani V, Vagli E, Boldrini A. Skin conductance variations compared to ABC scale for pain evaluation in newborns. J Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 2013;26:14, 1399–1403
24. Macko J, Moravcikova D, Kantor L, Kotikova M, Humpolicek P. Skin conductance as a marker of pain in infants of different gestational age. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc 2014;158(4):591–5
25. Beken S, Hirfanoglu IM, Gucuyener K, et al. Cerebral Hemodynamic Changes and Pain Perception During Venipuncture: Is Glucose Really Effective? Journal of Child Neurology 2014;29(5):617–622
26. Baleine J, Milési C, Mesnage R, et al. Intubation in the delivery room: Experience with nasal midazolam. Early Human Development 90 (2014) 39–43
27. Karpe J, Misiołek A, Daszkiewicz A, Misiołek H. Objective assessment of pain-related stress in mechanically ventilated newborns based on skin conductance fluctuations. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2013;45(3):134–7
28. Hoffman K, Bromster T, Hakansson S, van den Berg J. Monitoring of pain and stress in an infant with asphyxia during induced hypothermia: a case report. Adv Neonatal Care. 2013;13(4):252–61
29. Tristão RM, Garcia NV, de Jesus JA, Tomaz C. COMFORT behaviour scale and skin conductance activity: what are they really measuring? Acta Paediatr. 2013;102(9):e402–6
30. Dalal PG, Doheny KK, Klick L, et al. Analysis of acute pain scores and skin conductance measurements in infants. Early Hum Dev. 2013;89(3):153–8
31. Lyngstad LT, Tandberg BS, Storm H, Ekeberg BL, Moen A. Does skin-to-skin contact reduce stress during diaper change in preterm infants? Early Hum Dev. 2014;90(4):169–72
32. Lacerda de Jesus JA, Storm H, Ferreira da Rocha A, Tristão RM. Skin Conductance and Behavioral Pain Scales in Newborn Infants. Psychology & Neuroscience 2015;8(2):203–210
33. Zeiner V, Storm H, Kopenhaver Doheny K. Preterm Infants’ Biological and Behavioral Stress Responses to Nurse Handling in the NICU. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2015
34. Nakstad B, Nordheim T, Hovde H, Storm H. Skin Conductance changes differ between painful stimuli and general hypoxia different from peripheral oxygen saturation. Abstract EAPS 2014
35. van der Lee R, Groot LJM, van Herpen J, et al. Feasibility of monitoring stress using skin conduction measurements during intubation of newborns. Eur J Pediatr (2016) 175:237–243
36. Gokulu G, Bilgen H, Ozdemir H, et al. Comparative heel stick study showed that newborn infants who had undergone repeated painful procedures showed increased short-term pain responses. Acta Paediatrica. 2016;105:e520–e525
37. Passariello A, Montaldo P, Palma M, et al. Neonatal painful stimuli: skin conductance algesimeter index to measure efficacy of 24% sucrose oral solution. J Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 2020;33:21, 3596–3601
38. Maillard A, Garnier E, Saliba E, Favrais G. Prematurity alters skin conductance and behavioural scoring after acute stress in term-equivalent age infants. Acta Paediatrica. 2019;108:1609–1615
39. Avila-Alvarez A, Pertega-Diaz S, Vazquez Gomez L, et al. Pain assessment during eye examination for retinopathy of prematurity screening: Skin conductance versus PIPP-R. Acta Paediatrica. 2020;109:935–942
40. Hu J, Harrold JA, Squires JE, et al. The validity of skin conductance for assessing acute pain in mechanically ventilated infants: A cross-sectional observational study. Eur J Pain. 2021;25:1994–2006
41. Walas W, Halaba ZP, Szczapa T, et al. Procedural Pain Assessment in Infants Without Analgosedation: Comparison of Newborn Infant Parasympathetic Evaluation and Skin Conductance Activity — A Pilot Study. Front Pediatr. 2022;9:746504
42. Kusumaningrum A, Rustina Y, Abuzairi T, et al. Analysis of the infant’s acute pain assessment using developed conductance skin electric instrument compared to behavioural and faces pain scale in painful injected vaccine. La Pediatria Medica e Chirurgica 2023;45(s1):31
43. Munsters J, Tidehag Walan J, Holmström G, Sindelar R. Skin conductance measurement as a selective and continuous pain assessment method during eye examinations for retinopathy of prematurity. Global Pediatrics 4 (2023) 100056
44. Kula S, Amatov D, Kavgacı A, Olguntürk FR, Tunaoğlu FS, Oğuz AD. Perception of Pain in the Catheter Angiography Laboratory Among Children with Congenital Heart Disease. Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars 2025;53(4):270–274
WITHDRAWAL
1. Oji-Mmuo CN, Michael EJ, McLatchy J, et al. Skin conductance at baseline and post-heel lance reflects sympathetic activation in neonatal opiate withdrawal. Acta Paediatrica. 2016;105:e99–e106
2. Schubach NE, Mehler K, Roth B, et al. Skin conductance in neonates suffering from abstinence syndrome and unexposed newborns. Eur J Pediatr. 2016;175(6):859–68
ANAESTHESIA
1. Storm H, Myre K, Rostrup M, Stokland O, Ræder J. Skin conductance correlates with perioperative stress. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2002;46:887–895
2. Storm H, Shafiei M, Myre K, Ræder J. Palmar skin conductance compared to a developed stress score and to noxious and awakening stimuli on patients in anaesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2005:49(6):798–803
3. Jensen EW, Jospin M, Gambus P, Martinez G, Rodriguez B, Litvan H. Monitoring skin conductance during general anaesthesia for detection of nociception. IARS Abstracts
4. Gjerstad AC, Storm H, Hagen R, Huiku M, Quigstad E, Ræder J. Comparison of Skin Conductance with Entropy during tetanic stimulation, surgery and emergence from general anaesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2007;8–15
5. Gjerstad AC, Storm H, Hagen R, Huiku M, Qvigstad E, Ræder J. Skin conductance or entropy for detection of non-noxious stimulation during different clinical levels of sedation. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2007;51:1–7
6. Ledowski T, Storm H, et al. Skin conductance monitoring compared with bispectral index monitoring to assess emergence from general anaesthesia using sevoflurane and remifentanil. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006;97:187–91
7. Ledowski T, Storm H, et al. Skin conductance monitoring compared with Bispectral Index to assess emergence from total i.v. anaesthesia using propofol and remifentanil. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006;97(6):817–821
8. Røeggen I, Storm H, Raeder J. Will detection of sympathetic activation with sweating and altered skin conductance from noxious stimulation be attenuated by atropine? Abstract, ISAP 2006
9. Storm H, Røeggen I, Støen R, et al. Number of skin conductance fluctuations increased differently from BIS during tetanic stimuli. Abstract. Society for Technology in Anesthesia, Orlando, Florida, January 2007
10. Storm H, Ledowski T, Støen R, et al. Do parameters of skin conductance reflect both arousal and noxious stimuli during awakening after total intravenous anesthesia? Abstract, ASA, San Francisco, Oct 2007
11. Storm H, Støen R, Klepstad P, et al. Nociceptive stimuli responses at different levels of general anaesthesia and genetic variability. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2013;57:89–99
12. Sarbourdin N, Armaou M, Louvet N, et al. Pain monitoring in anesthetized children: first assessment of skin conductance and analgesia-nociception index at different infusion rates of remifentanil. Pediatr Anesth 2013;23:149–155
13. Storm H. Commentary on pain monitoring in anesthetized children: recommended preset values for the skin conductance equipment were not used. Pediatric Anesthesia 23 (2013) 760–763
14. Bergmann I, Szabanowski T, Bräuer A, et al. Remifentanil added to sufentanil-sevoflurane anesthesia suppresses hemodynamic and metabolic stress responses more effectively than high-dose sufentanil-sevoflurane alone. BMC Anesthesiology 2015;15:3
15. Cochelenbergh S, et al. Detecting Alveolar Recruitment Maneuver with indicators of nociception: A prospective cohort substudy. European Society of Anaesthesiology 2022. Abstract
16. Storm H. Pain-Nociceptive Sensor. Ventilen. 2025, p. 16
17. Norbeck DW, Lindgren S, Wolf A, Jildenstål P. Reliability of nociceptive monitors vs. standard practice during general anesthesia: a prospective observational study. BMC Anesthesiol. 2025;25:51
INTENSIVE CARE UNITS
1. Gjerstad AC, Wagner K, Henrichsen T, Storm H. Skin Conductance Versus the Modified COMFORT Sedation Score as a Measure of Discomfort in Artificially Ventilated Children. Pediatrics 2008;122:e848–e853
2. Günther A, Sackey P, Storm H. Skin conductance changes in intensive care patients. Critical Care 2013;17:R51
3. Solana MJ, Lopez-Herce J, Fernandez S, et al. Assessment of pain in critically ill children. Is cutaneous conductance a reliable tool? Journal of Critical Care 30 (2015);481–485
4. Günther A. Skin conductance variability and stressful exposures in critical care. Thesis. Karolinska Institutet. Available at www.kib.ki.se
5. Günther A, Hansen JO, Sackey P, Storm H, et al. Measuring pain – a validation of physiological and self-rated measurements, and an investigation of the relationship between them. ESICM Lives 2016, October
6. Hansen JO, Storm H, Boglino-Hörlin A, Le Guen M, Gayat E, Fischler M. Skin conductance as a pain assessment tool during chest tube removal: An observational study. Eur J Pain. 2017;21(6):987–996
7. Grosomanidis TAV, Karakoulas K, Chatzisotiriou A. Electrodermal Activity during Blood Pooling for Arterial Blood Gases Analysis in Sedated Adult ICU Patients. Med Sci. 2018;6:20
8. Aslanidis T, Grosomanidis V, Karakoulas K, Chatzisotiriou A. Electrodermal activity monitoring during endotracheal suction in adult sedated ICU patients. Folia Med 2018;60(1):92–101
9. Khanna P, Chandralekha C, Pandey RK, Sharma A. Pain assessment in critically ill mechanically ventilated adult patients: Comparison between skin conductance algesimeter index and physiologic indicators. DOI 10.4103/sja.SJA_489_17
10. Aslanidis T, Grosomanidis V, Karakoulas K, Chatzisotiriou A. Electrodermal Activity Monitoring During Painful Stimulation in Sedated Adult ICU Patients: a Pilot Study. Acta Medica (Hradec Králové) 2018;61(2):47–52
11. Günther A, Sackey P, Bjärtå A, Schandl A. The relation between skin conductance responses and recovery from symptoms of PTSD. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2017;61(6):688–695
12. Storm H, Günther A, Sackey JP, et al. Measuring pain – physiological and self-rated measurements in relation to pain stimulation and anxiety. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2019;1–8
13. Bublitz V, Jurth C, von Dincklage F. Vorhersage von Schmerzreaktionen auf endotracheales Absaugen bei Intensivpatienten. Deutsche Anaesthesia Conference 2023. Abstract po_2.15
POSTOPERATIVE PAIN – ADULTS AND CHILDREN
1. Ledowski T, Storm H, et al. Monitoring of skin conductance to assess postoperative pain intensity. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006;97(6):862–5
2. Ledowski T, Bromilow J, Wu J, Paech MJ, Storm H, Schug SA. The assessment of postoperative pain by monitoring skin conductance: results of a prospective study. Anaesthesia. 2007;62(10):989–93
3. Hullett B, Chambers N, Preuss J, et al. Monitoring Electrical Skin Conductance: A Tool for the Assessment of Postoperative Pain in Children? Anesthesiology 2009;111:513–7
4. Ledowski T, Preuss J, Schug SA. The effects of neostigmine and glycopyrrolate on skin conductance as a measure of pain. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2009;26(9):777–81
5. Strehle EM, Gray WK. Comparison of skin conductance measurements and subjective pain scores in children with minor injuries. Acta Paediatr. 2013;102(11):e502–6
6. Rago R, Miccoli P, Storm H, et al. The Skin Conductance Algesimeter validated with the Numerical Rating Scale Postoperatively in Patients treated with Classical Music. Journal of Anesthesia and Surgery 2015;3:1–5
NERVE BLOCK – REGIONAL
Gungor S, Rana B, Fields K, Bae JJ, Mount L, Buschiazzo V, Storm H. Changes in the Skin Conductance Monitor as an End Point for Sympathetic Nerve Blocks. Pain Medicine 2017; 00: 1–11.
PAIN THRESHOLD
Wallstrom T, Hellgren C, Akerud H, Wiberg-Itzel E. Skin conductance activity in post-term pregnancies. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2015 Nov;28(16):1912-6.
